Colossal Biosciences
Operator-class capital de-extinction substrate — Texas, 2021-
Co-founded 2021 by Ben Lamm + Harvard geneticist George Church. Total funding $568.1 million; Series C $200 million Jan 2025 → $10.2 billion valuation. Cap table: TWG Global (Thomas Tull), USIT, Breyer Capital, Draper Associates, Animoca Brands, In-Q-Tel (CIA venture arm).
2025/2026 dire wolf announcement: marketed as first successful de-extinction. Substrate correction: Colossal made 20 CRISPR edits across 14 loci on a MODERN GRAY WOLF genome — gray wolves with 20 edits, NOT de-extincted dire wolves.
Engine Framing: Substrate Shift Biological→Silicon Enclosure substrate node. In-Q-Tel position indicates strategic state interest in the bioinformatics + computational-biology stack (Form Bio spinout) rather than the de-extinct animals themselves. Cap-table siblings: Altos Labs (Bezos), Retro Bio (Altman), Unity Bio (Thiel), Calico (Alphabet) — same operator-class capital pool as Longevity Industrial Complex. Apex (d) Undecidable load-bearing.
Also in Cloning Substrate Post-Dolly
Sooam Biotech Research FoundationSubstrate-continuation commercial node — Seoul, 20ViaGen PetsUS commercial pet cloning — Texas, 2015-Sinogene BiotechnologyChinese commercial pet cloning — Beijing, 2017-Trans Ova GeneticsIndustrial-agricultural SCNT — Iowa, 2002-Mitalipov OHSU Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene TherapyWestern academic human-SCNT + germline node — OregHe Jiankui — Post-Prison Disclosure-Window ProbeCRISPR-babies operator → Hainan post-prison continCAS Shanghai Primate SCNT PipelineState-coordinated primate-cloning substrate monopo